Dr. Ernest François Eugène Douwes Dekker (commonly known by the name or Danudirja Setiabudi DouwesDekker, born in Pasuruan, East Indies Netherlands, October 8, 1879 - died in Bandung, West Java, August 28, 1950 at age 70 years) was a freedom fighter and national hero of Indonesia.He is one of the foundation stone of Indonesian nationalism inthe early 20th century, critical of government policy penulisyangcolonial Dutch East Indies, journalists, aktivispolitik, as well as the originator of the "archipelago" as the name for an independent Dutch East Indies. Setiabudi was one of "the Three"movement of Indonesia's independence fighters, but dr. TjiptoMangoenkoesoemo and Suwardi Suryaningrat.
Personal life
Ernest was the third (of four children) partner Henri Auguste Edouard Douwes Dekker (Netherlands-blooded), a stock broker and agent banks, and Margaretha Louisa Neumann, an Indo German father and a mother of Java. With his work, Auguste including high-income people. Ernest, commonly called "Nes" by those close to him or "DD" by his comrades, still considered the brother of the author of Max Havelaar, namely Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), which is a sister to his grandfather. [2] Olaf Douwes Dekker , grandson of Guido, his brother, a poet in Breda, The Netherlands. DD Deije married Clara Charlotte (1885-1968), son of mixed German-Dutch doctor in 1903, and had five children, but two of whom died as a baby (both male). Who survive are all women.This marriage ran aground in 1919 and they divorced. DD then remarried to Johanna Petronella Mossel (1905-1978), an Indo-Jewish, in 1927. Johanna is a teacher who helped Ksatrian Instituut secretarial activities, the school established DD. From this marriage they were not blessed with children. At DD exiled to Surinam in 1941 the couple should split up, and at that time then Djafar Kartodiredjo married Johanna, who is also an Indo (formerly known as Arthur Kolmus), without an official divorce first. It is unclear whether DD knew this marriage because he had been in exile but still send letters went unanswered. When DD "fuzzy" from Suriname and settled briefly in the Netherlands (1946), he became close to a caring nurse, Nelly Geertzema née Kruymel Alberta, an Indonesian who is a widow with one. Nelly then accompany the DD who use pseudonyms in order to return to Indonesia by the Dutch intelligence not captured. Knowing that Johanna had married Djafar, DD shortly afterwards married Nelly, in 1947. DD then use the name Danoedirdja Setiabuddhi and Nelly use Wanasita Haroemi name, the names proposed by Sukarno. After the death of DD, Haroemi married Wayne E. Evans in 1964 and now lives in the United States. Despite loving his children, DD seems to be too focused on the struggle of idealism that somewhat less attention to the family inside. He once said to his sister, Adelin, when he fought for was to give a better future for their children in the future of Indian independence. In fact, all his children to leave Indonesia to the Netherlands when the Japanese entered. Similarly, all brothers, no one chose to become Indonesian citizens.
Biography
Youth
Nes basic education adopted in Pasuruan. School first forwardedto the HBS in Surabaya, then moved to GymnasiumWillem III, anelite school in Batavia. After graduate school he worked at a coffee plantation "Soember Doeren" in Malang, East Java. There he witnessed the mistreatment suffered by plantation workers,and often defend them. His actions made it less desirable co-workers, but officials favored subordinates. Due to conflicts withhis manager, he was transferred to the sugar plantation"Padjarakan" in Kraksaan as a laboratory assistant. Again, he was in conflict with management for the affairs of the division ofirrigation for sugarcane plantations and rice farmers. As a result,he was fired.
Boer war
Unemployed and his mother's sudden death, making Nes decidedto leave South Africa in 1899 to join the Second BoerdalamPerang against England. He even became a citizen of the Republic of Transvaal. A few months later the two brothers, Juliusand Guido, followed. Nes caught and imprisoned in a camp in Ceylon. There he became acquainted with sasteraIndia, and slowly his mind began to open to unfair treatment the Dutch East Indies colonial government against its citizens.
As a journalist critical and initial activity
DD repatriated to the Netherlands East Indies in 1902, and worked as a shipping agent KPM, the state-owned shipping company. A decent income makes bold editing Deije Clara Charlotte, daughter of a German physician who lived in the Netherlands Indies, in 1903. His ability to write reports in the newspaper wars of experience leading to a reporter he was offered a leading koranSemarang, De Locomotief. This is where he began pioneering the ability to organize. Journalistic tasks, such as the plantations in Lebak and cases of starvation in Indramayu, make it start critical of colonial policy. When he became editorial staff Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 1907, his writings became increasingly pro and native of Indo.Two series of articles that sharply made in 1908. The first series of articles published in February 1908 in the Dutch newspaper Nieuwe Courant Arnhemsche after the German language version was published in the German newspaper Das Freie Wort, "Het bankroet der ethische Principes in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie" ("The collapse of ethical principles in the Netherlands Indies") and then move on Bataviaasche Nieuwsblad. Approximately seven months later (late August) summer series next article appeared in the same newspaper, "Holland's Hoe het zijn spoedigst koloniën verliezen?" ("How the Dutch may soon lose its colonies", German version titled "Hollands kolonialer Untergang"). Return policy critic of ethical politics. These writings made him begin to enter the radar of the intelligence authorities. DD's house, at the same time, which is located near Stovia become a gathering place for the pioneers of Indonesia's national awakening movement, such as Sutomo and Cipto Mangunkusumo, to learn and discuss. Budi Utomo (BO), the organization that claimed to be the first national organization, was born for his help. He even attended the first congress in Yogyakarta BO. Aspects of education can not escape the attention of DD. In 1910 (March 8) he helped birth to the birth of the Universiteit Indische Vereeniging (IUV), a body of fundraisers to enable the construction of institutions of higher education (university) in the Netherlands Indies. Inside there IUV Dutch, Indo people, aristocrats Banten and representatives of the Chinese educational organizations THHK.
Indische Partij
Because they think BO is limited to cultural issues (Java), DD is not much involved in it. As a Eurasian, he was discriminated against by the Dutch pure ("full-blooded" or trekkers). For example, the Indo can not occupy key government positions because of the level of education. They can fill the middle positions with a fairly high salary. For the same position, they receive a higher salary than the natives. However, due to ethical politics, their position is complicated because the government of the colony began to give place to the native people to positions normally filled by Indo. Of course salary givers prefer native people because they are paid less. Concern was utilized by the Indo DD to incorporate the idea of self-government by the Dutch East Indies Dutch East Indies natives (Indiërs) patterned inclusive and break down boundaries of race and ethnicity. This view can be said to be original, because everyone at that time was more active on racial or tribal groups respectively. Departing from the organization of Indo, Indische Bond and Insulinde, he floated the idea of a "Indie" (Indies) which is led by its own citizens, not by outsiders. Ironically, among the Indo he was warmly received only among small, because most of them prefer the status quo, though despised by the group of Indo Europeans "pure" yet they can still be served by the natives. Not satisfied because the Indische Bond and Insulinde can not be united, in 1912 Nes together with Cipto Mangunkusumo danSuwardi Suryaningrat establish an inclusive nationalist party called the Indische Partij ("Party of the Indies"). Campaign to several cities generate members numbering about 5000 people in a short time. Semarang recorded the largest number of members, followed by Bandung. The party is very popular among Indo, and accepted by both Chinese and indigenous groups, although it is suspected anyway because his ideas are radical.The anti-colonial party and the ultimate aim of independence of Indonesia was broken up by the Dutch East Indies colonial government a year later, 1913 because it is spreading hatred against the government. Due to the emergence of well-known writings Suwardi in De Expres, "Als ik eens Nederlander was" (If I were Dutch), the trio then exiled to the Netherlands, because the DD and Cipto support Suwardi.
In exile in Europe
The period in Europe used by Nes to take the doctoral program at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, in the economic field. Here he lived together his family. Obtained a doctorate in somewhat controversial and the value of "lowest-low", according to one of the examiners term. Since in Switzerland it involved a conspiracy by the revolutionaries of India, he was arrested in Hong Kong and put on trial and detained in Singapore (1918). After two years in prison, he returned to the Netherlands East Indies 1920.
Journalistic activities and events Polanharjo
Upon his return to Batavia after he was jailed DD active again in the world of journalism and the organization. He became editor of the organ of information Insulinde named De Beweging. He wrote a series of satirical articles that many pro-colonies as well as the attitude of most people: the Indo. The target is actually a de-Europeanization of the Indo, so that they realize that for the sake of their future lies with natives, not as is the case, aligned to the Netherlands. Organization of the newly formed Indo, Indisch Europeesch Verbond (IEV), criticized in the article series "De tien geboden" (Ten Commandments) and "Njo Indrik" (Sinyo Hendrik). In the latter series, IEV stamped him as a "league is silly and childish". A number of well-known loose pamphlets also written in this period, such as "Een nation of in de maak" (A nation was formed) and "Ons het volk en buitenlandsche kapitaal" (Our nation and foreign capital). At this time span also formed Nationaal Indische Partij (NIP), as successor of the Indische Partij organization that has been banned. NIP formation caused divisions among the members Insulinde between the moderates (mostly among Indo) and progressive (wanted self-government, mostly indigenous people of Indonesia). NIP eventually suffer the same fate as IP: not permitted by the Government. In 1919, DD was involved (or stuck) in the event of protests and rioting farmers / farm workers in the tobacco plantations Polanharjo, Klaten. He exposed this case because it is provoking the farmers in their meetings with people Insulinde Surakarta branch, which he attended as well. The court conducted in 1920 in Semarang. The result, he was released; but following the new cases of Batavia: he was accused of incitement to write in the newspapers he leads. This time he must protect a person (as editor of De Beweging) who wrote a commentary on it written "Freeing up this land is a must! Lower foreign rulers". What upset him was the reason the investigation was not only writing, but the "mentality" of the author (and alleged to DD). After going through a long defense, DD acquitted by the court.
Educational activities and Ksatrian Instituut
Out from custody and a series of courts, DD tend to abandon journalistic activities and busied himself in writing a number of semi-scientific books and perform breeding German shepherd dogs and is active in the organization. His achievement is quite impressive, because one of the dogs won the contest and was even able to answer some math questions and answer some written questions. Instigation Suwardi Suryaningrat who was already established university Student Park, he then participated in education, by establishing schools "Ksatrian Instituut" (KI) in Bandung. He made a lot of their own subject matter of the instructions given in Dutch. KI then develop a business education, but in Indonesia it is given a lesson of history and world history that the material is written by Nes own. Due to the contents of this history lesson of the anti-colonial and pro-Japan, in 1933 his books were confiscated by the government residency Bandung and then burned. At that time Japan began to develop political and military power in East Asia with the political expansion into Korea and China. DD then also banned from teaching.
Activities prior to disposal
Because forbidden to teach, DD and then earn by working in the office of the Japanese Chamber of Commerce in Jakarta. This makes it close to Mohammad Husni Thamrin, an indigenous representative in the Volksraad. At the same time, the Dutch East Indies government was still traumatized by the communist insurgency (ISDV) in 1927, to solve the economic problems caused by the financial crisis of 1929, and must face the development of Nazi-style fascism among European citizens (Europaeer). German invasion to Denmark and Norway, and finally to the Netherlands, in 1940 resulted in the arrest of thousands of Germans in the Netherlands Indies, following those of other Europeans who allegedly affiliated with the Nazis. DD is already "monitored", finally joined carded for being Japanese collaborator, who began to attack French Indochina. He also accused the communists.
Exile in Suriname
DD was arrested and exiled to Surinam in 1941 via the Netherlands. There he was placed in a camp deep in the interior of Suriname River named Jodensavanne ("Padang Jews"). The place was in the 17th century until the 19 th had been a place of settlement of Jews who later abandoned since then many immigrants who make trouble. Living conditions in the camps is very alarming. To the extent that DD, who was already into his 60s, had lost the ability to see.Here life is very distressed because he missed his family. The correspondence does melaluiPalang Red and have to go through censorship. When news of the end of the war, the internees (exhaust) there was not immediately released. New mid-year 1946 a number of deportees sent to the Netherlands, including DD. In the Netherlands he met Nelly Albertina Gertzema nee Kruymel, a nurse. Nelly then accompanied him back to Indonesia. Return to Indonesia as well as through a thrilling adventure because of the DD should change the name and avoid the intelligence officer at the Port of Tanjung Priok. Finally they managed to arrive in Yogyakarta, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia at that time on January 2, 1947.
Struggle in the Revolution of Independence and the end of life Shortly after his return he was immediately involved in important positions in the Republic of Indonesia. First he served as minister of state without portfolio in the Cabinet Sjahrir III, which only works in almost 9 months. Subsequently he became successively a member of the delegation negotiating with the Dutch, a consultant in finance and economics committee in the delegation, members of the DPA, a lecturer at the Academy of Political Science, and most recently as section head of the writing of history (historiography) under the Ministry of Information. In the eyes of some Dutch officials he considered "communist" even though this is simply not true. In this period the DD live one house with Sukarno. He also occupies one of the houses on the Ground. And from home in this Ground on December 21, 1948 he picked up the Dutch troops who arrived two days earlier in Yogyakarta in order to "Police Action". After he was interrogated and then sent to Jakarta for questioning again. Soon DD released due to a poor physical condition and after promising not to involve themselves in politics. He was taken to Bandung at his request. Harumi then followed to Bandung. After the renovation, they then occupy the old house (he called "Spirit of Djuwita") in Lembangweg. In Bandung with the activity he is involved again in Ksatrian Instituut. Other activities is to collect materials for writing his autobiography (published in 1950: 70 Jaar konsekwent) and revise the writing of history books. Ernest Douwes Dekker died early hours of August 28, 1950 (written on his tombstone; August 29, 1950 version of the van der Veur, 2006) and was buried in the TMP Cikutra, Bandung.
Appreciation DD services in the pioneering independence is expressed in many ways. In every major city can be found the street named after him: Setiabudi. Lembang Bandung street in the north, where his house stood, now named Jalan Setiabudi. In Jakarta, even his name used as the name of a district, the district Setiabudi in South Jakarta. In the Netherlands, the name of DD was also honored as being instrumental in rectifying the direction of colonialism (though most of his life he opposed political positions with the Dutch colonial government; even accused of "traitor").
Struggle in the Revolution of Independence and the end of life Shortly after his return he was immediately involved in important positions in the Republic of Indonesia. First he served as minister of state without portfolio in the Cabinet Sjahrir III, which only works in almost 9 months. Subsequently he became successively a member of the delegation negotiating with the Dutch, a consultant in finance and economics committee in the delegation, members of the DPA, a lecturer at the Academy of Political Science, and most recently as section head of the writing of history (historiography) under the Ministry of Information. In the eyes of some Dutch officials he considered "communist" even though this is simply not true. In this period the DD live one house with Sukarno. He also occupies one of the houses on the Ground. And from home in this Ground on December 21, 1948 he picked up the Dutch troops who arrived two days earlier in Yogyakarta in order to "Police Action". After he was interrogated and then sent to Jakarta for questioning again. Soon DD released due to a poor physical condition and after promising not to involve themselves in politics. He was taken to Bandung at his request. Harumi then followed to Bandung. After the renovation, they then occupy the old house (he called "Spirit of Djuwita") in Lembangweg. In Bandung with the activity he is involved again in Ksatrian Instituut. Other activities is to collect materials for writing his autobiography (published in 1950: 70 Jaar konsekwent) and revise the writing of history books. Ernest Douwes Dekker died early hours of August 28, 1950 (written on his tombstone; August 29, 1950 version of the van der Veur, 2006) and was buried in the TMP Cikutra, Bandung.
Appreciation DD services in the pioneering independence is expressed in many ways. In every major city can be found the street named after him: Setiabudi. Lembang Bandung street in the north, where his house stood, now named Jalan Setiabudi. In Jakarta, even his name used as the name of a district, the district Setiabudi in South Jakarta. In the Netherlands, the name of DD was also honored as being instrumental in rectifying the direction of colonialism (though most of his life he opposed political positions with the Dutch colonial government; even accused of "traitor").
